ETH Upgrades & L2 Fees: What Users Should Know

Ethereum’s roadmap and Layer-2 rollups have materially changed fee dynamics. Optimistic and ZK rollups reduce base fees for many use cases, but settlement and bridging costs remain. Assess L2s by security model, decentralization, and composability.

References:

• https://ethereum.org/
• https://optimism.io/
• https://arbitrum.io/