ETH Upgrades & L2 Fees: What Developers and Users Should Know

Ethereum’s protocol upgrades and Layer-2 ecosystems continue to shape transaction fees. This post summarizes the most recent EIPs, rollup types (optimistic vs ZK), and strategies to estimate L2 fees. It also covers user considerations when choosing a rollup.

References:

• https://ethereum.org
• https://arxiv.org (for rollup research)
• https://optimism.io
• https://zksync.io